Open education has a key role to play in potentiating social inclusion. As noted by the European Commission for education in general (but is particularly relevant for open education) it helps to establish common values key to such inclusion: human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, respect for human rights, the rights of minorities. However, as also noted, it can be seen in most member states that there are challenges to such inclusion, namely: populism, xenophobia, divisive nationalism, discrimination, misinformation, and radicalization (that can lead to violent extremism).